Article 1281. The Duration of the Exclusive Right to a Work 1. The exclusive right to a work shall be effective for the whole lifetime of the author and 70 years from January 1 of the year following the year of the author's death. The exclusive right in a work created by co-authors shall be effective for the whole lifetime of the author who survives the other co-authors and 70 years from January 1 of the year following the year of his death.

2. For a work promulgated anonymously or pseudonymously the effective term of the exclusive right shall expire after 70 years from January 1 of the year following the year of its legal promulgation. If within the said term the author of the work promulgated anonymously or pseudonymously discloses his identity or if his identity is no longer in doubt, the right shall be effective for the term established by Item 1 of the present article.

3. The exclusive right to a work promulgated after the author's death shall be effective for 70 years after the promulgation thereof from January 1 of the year following the year of the promulgation, provided the work is promulgated within 70 years of the death of the author.

4. If the author of a work has been subjected to repression and posthumously rehabilitated, the effective term of the exclusive right shall be deemed extended, and 70 years shall be counted from January 1 of the year following the year of rehabilitation of the author of the work.

5. If an author worked during the Great Patriotic War or took part in it, the effective term of the exclusive right established in the present article is extended by four years.

Article 1282. The Passing of a Work into the Public Domain

1. Upon the expiry of effective term of the exclusive right a scientific, literary or artistic work, be it promulgated or not, shall pass into the public domain.

2. A work that has passed into the public domain may be freely used by any person without anybody's consent or permission and without paying out a royalty. In this case, the attribution, name of the author and integrity of the work are preserved.

3. A non-promulgated work that has passed into the public domain may be promulgated by any person, unless the promulgation thereof is contrary to the author's will expressly stated by the author in writing (in a will, letters, diaries etc.). The rights of the citizen who has legally promulgated such work are determined in accordance with Chapter 71 of the present Code.